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Laparoscopic surgery

Laparoscopic surgery, also known as minimally invasive or keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique where operations in the abdomen or pelvis are performed through small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) using a specialized instrument called a laparoscope. A laparoscope is a thin tube with a camera and light at the end that sends images to a video monitor, allowing the surgeon to see inside the body without making large cuts.

Reasons for Laparoscopic Surgery

Laparoscopic surgery is commonly used to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions, especially when less invasive options are preferred. Common reasons include:

  • Gallbladder removal (Cholecystectomy)

  • Appendix removal (Appendectomy)

  • Hernia repairs

  • Gynecological procedures (e.g., hysterectomy, ovarian cyst removal, treatment of endometriosis)

  • Bariatric surgery (weight loss surgeries like gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy)

  • Colorectal surgery (e.g., removal of parts of the colon or rectum)

  • Biopsy of abdominal organs

  • Treatment of ectopic pregnancy

Types of Laparoscopic Surgery

  1. Diagnostic Laparoscopy

    • Performed when imaging tests (like ultrasound or CT scans) are inconclusive.

    • Helps identify causes of chronic abdominal or pelvic pain, infertility, or unexplained bleeding.

  2. Operative Laparoscopy

    • Used not just for diagnosis but also for treating conditions, such as removing cysts, fibroids, or performing surgeries on organs like the gallbladder, appendix, or uterus.

  3. Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery (SILS)

    • A newer technique where the entire surgery is performed through one small incision, often in the belly button.

    • Cosmetic advantage: almost scarless.

  4. Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopy

    • Involves the use of robotic instruments for improved precision, especially in urology, gynecology, and colorectal surgeries.

Benefits of Laparoscopic Surgery

Compared to traditional open surgery, laparoscopic surgery offers several advantages:

  1. Smaller Incisions

    • Less trauma to the body and better cosmetic results (minimal scarring).

  2. Faster Recovery

    • Most patients go home the same day or within 24–48 hours.

    • Return to normal activities often within 1–2 weeks.

  3. Less Pain

    • Smaller wounds result in reduced postoperative pain and less need for pain medications.

  4. Lower Risk of Infection

    • Small incisions reduce exposure to external contaminants.

  5. Minimal Blood Loss

    • Precision instruments and controlled visibility reduce bleeding during the procedure.

  6. Shorter Hospital Stay

    • Often performed as day-care or outpatient procedures.

 

Possible Complications of Laparoscopic Surgery

Although generally safe, laparoscopic surgery may have some risks:

  • Bleeding

  • Infection at the incision sites

  • Injury to internal organs (e.g., bladder, bowel, or blood vessels)

  • Hernia at the incision site

  • Reactions to anesthesia

  • Shoulder pain (due to CO₂ gas used to inflate the abdomen)

  • Conversion to open surgery if complications arise or visibility is poor

Recovery After Laparoscopic Surgery

  • Hospital Stay: Most patients are discharged within a few hours to a day.

  • Post-op Care:

    • Mild pain or discomfort around the incisions.

    • Nausea or bloating may occur due to CO₂ gas.

    • Resume light activities within 2–3 days.

    • Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous exercise for a few weeks.

  • Wound Care: Keep incisions clean and dry; follow instructions for dressing changes if needed.

  • Follow-up: Usually within 1–2 weeks after surgery to check healing.

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